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Social institution paper

Adoption refers to the process where a person assumes the parenting of another from the person’s biological parents. Adoption does transfer all responsibilities and rights from the biological parent. Many people normally choose to adopt, and without adoption, most of the people’s lives would remain unfulfilled. Life does provide so many memorable moments, and adoption tends to be a good way for people who do not have children to get a chance to have a child. Adoption tends to provide people the opportunity to lead fulfilling and meaningful lives along with their children, and it also offers children an opportunity in life that was once thought unachievable.

Literature review

Children need support and nurturing from healthy, stable, and well-functioning adults. According to Lamb (2012), adoption tends to be important for infertile couples who seek children and those children in need of parents. Adoption does have consequences for the society in areas such as public welfare and mental health. The adopted persons normally lead lives that are not different from the lives of non-adopted people. Although they tend to have experiences that are unique to being adopted and sometimes, the experiences can have an impact on their lives. Adoption, when done right, tend to be an amazing opportunity for everyone involved and mostly a child who will be receiving a life that they truly deserve. Lamb (2012) state that the purpose of adoption is strengthening the families and enabling adults to have children of the necessary age and sex in the household. Adoption also helps in maximizing the social standing and the rank of the family. When a family adopts a child, it usually gives them the feeling of gratitude. Persons tend to have fulfillment from helping a child who is in need and mostly for those children who are in serious negative situations.

Adoption tends to be a social institution aimed at meeting the needs of children who are in need of families. The well-being of children is normally affected by their relationships with their parents, parent’s sense of security and competence, and also the presence of economic and social support for the family. The advantage of selecting adoption is the ability to be part of the child’s life and also fulfilling the dream of raising a child. For children, being provided a safe household and loving parent tend to be a benefit in itself (Fortune & Lal 2000). The most important thing is that the adopted person knows that they have parents who love them and the feeling that the child receives knowing they are loved tends to be immeasurable. Adoption normally provides those couples who did not have the chance of having children an opportunity of bringing up a child in a loving and caring family. It is a means in which couples can create a complete family with father, mother, and children. According to Mustin (2009), adoption also works to create a good environment where children without parents can enjoy having a mother or a father and also acquire some of the needs they have in life such as education and good health.

Theory

Adoption is taking into one’s family through the legal means and raising as one’s child. The functionalism theory sees the society as being a complex system whose parts work together in promoting stability and solidarity. Functionalists tend to identify several functions of families including socialization, reproduction, protection, emotional support, care, and the assignment of status (Bowie, 2004). The functionalists do understand people to have universal biological needs like nourishment, shelter, and protection. The society has shaped institutions and customs in response to these human needs and all the institution allow for the maintenance of the social status. In regards to adoption, it tends to provide the child with a permanent home and also a set of a parent who offers them nourishment, protecting, guidance, and shelter. The family also treats the adopted children as they would their biological child. The functionalists tend to view the family unit as being a construct that fulfills the important functions and also keeps the society running smoothly (Bowie, 2004). Adoption tends to keep children out of the orphanage, relieves the government of extra economic responsibility, and also keeps the children out of the foster homes. Through adoption, it allows the society to remain stable. Functionalists view the society as essential in keeping the society running smoothly through helping to adjust its members. Hence, based on the functionalist view, adoption tends to reinforce the social institutions such as marriage and structures like family (Bowie, 2004). It helps in maintaining social order through allowing the families to obtain a child while improving the conditions of life for the adopted children.

Conclusion

The family is not just a social group, but it is a social structure, and a family is a structure that is used in maintaining order. Therefore, adoption is not a dysfunction of the society as it helps in providing a safe home for children who are in need.

Reference

Lamb M (2012). Mothers, fathers, families, and circumstances: factors affecting children’s adjustment. Appl Dev Sci. 16 (2)

Fortune, K & Lal, B (2000).The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1. University of Hawaii Press

Bowie, F (2004). Cross-cultural approaches to adoption. Psychology Press

Mustin, T. (2009). Adoption Turns Child's Life Around - cbs4denver.com. CBS4 Denver, Colorado Breaking News.

Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at Melda Research in nursing paper writing services if you need a similar paper you can place your order for Medicine Essay Writing.

social institution

The family is the most basic social institution found in all societies. The standard sociological definition of the family is a social group made up of a group people who get related to each other by bonds of marriage, blood, law or adoption and who reside together, form an economic unit as well as reproduce and raise children (Tischler, 2013). This social institution is made up of at least two adults of both sexes and one or more children, either own or adopted of the sexually cohabiting adults. The adults in this social group must maintain a socially approved sexual relationship. This social group must also be dwelling together and also perform various fundamental roles. The functions include overseeing the bearing as well as raising of children thus ensuring continuity of humanity. Another role is economic cooperation in which the family members are obligated to care for as well as support each other. The family social group also provides the members with necessary financial requirements that include shelter, clothing, and food. The two adults who make up a family are bind together through marriage, blood, law or social norm. Another role of the household is the sexual satisfaction of the two adults. Most societies, religions, and other groups regard sexual intercourse between people who are not legally married to be a taboo. In other societies, kinship ties in the family also serve as a way through which property gets transferred or inherited, goods get produced and distributed and also power gets allocated or inherited. Various principles get used to classify families in sociology. One of the principles employed is classifying families according to the number of people living within marriage bonds that include monogamous, polygamous and polyandrous marriage. The other principle is classifying according to the choice of spouse. The types in this principle include endogamy and exogamy. The family also gets categorized into different types according to family structure. The types in this principle include the nuclear family, extended family, the lone-parent household, and the reconstituted family.

This critical social group that undertakes fundamental roles in the society is, however, facing various social issues that threaten its existence. The social problems include cohabiting, adoption, stepfamilies, grandparents as parents, gay/lesbian families and also abuse/neglect of family members.

Literature Review

Step-families

Step-family gets defined as a household in which at least one of the adult members has children from a previous relationship or marriage. Sociologists also refer to this group as reconstituted families. In the modern society, step-families are common. For instance, in the United States, there are over 20.6 million stepparents and one out of three Americans get involved in some way with a reconstituted household (Kornblum, 2011). Step-families get associated with certain joys and benefits and also various difficulties. One of the problems is that whereas the biological parent is living elsewhere, their influence over the child or children remains dominant. Another problem that arises in step-families is that cooperative relations between divorced persons get strained when the one or both get remarried. For instance, when an outside parent insists on visiting the child or children, significant tensions get involved in mixing with such a newly established household. The other problem that arises in step-families is that children from different backgrounds get merged thus causing conflicts because of the varying expectations of the required behavior within the family. The family members of the reorganized social group must learn and adapt new relations as stepchildren and stepparents. Therefore, the family social group is threatened since the family members do not live together and the group does not remain intact.

Grandparents as Parents

The trend of grandparents raising their grandchildren is so common in the contemporary world as compared to the ancient past. Various reasons get attributed to this trend. The primary reason is that the biological parents of these children are incapable of caring and supporting them. The parents cannot care for them since some may have died, while others are ill such as HIV/AIDs, homeless, addicted to drugs, involved in long working hours or demanding jobs such as military service, or serving a jail term. The problem of neglect and abuse of children also contributes to grandparents bringing up their children. In Australia, the incidences of grandparents and great-grandparents parenting in Indigenous households are very common. The trend of grandparents raising their children has an adverse impact on the generation of Indigenous adults because the children gain very little or no experience about family life. The policy of Indigenous child removal also causes various social problems to the children. The grandparents raising their grandchildren also face various challenges that include stress and frustration due to different norms of child behavior, financial challenges, and also unexpected responsibilities of parenthood (Henslin, Possamai, Possamai-Inesedy, Marjoribanks & Elder, 2015).

Same-sex Households

Homosexual (same-sex) families with children have become a common trend in the contemporary society. Lesbian couples are the most common same-sex households with children who are as a result of artificial insemination. Most of the gay couples acquire children by adopting them or getting then through surrogate mothers. A same-sex family may also get created when a divorced person takes their children into a new gay or lesbian relationship. The topic of gay and lesbian families has received tremendous attention in the recent past as sociologists examine the insights they give into problems and possibilities presented by the detraditionalized family life. Same-sex unions and partnerships have been legalized in many nations that include Netherlands, Canada, Belgium, Sweden, Argentina, some states in the US (such as New-Jersey, California, Massachusetts, Oregon, Washington, and New Hampshire), Norway, etc. Children raised in homosexual families tend to have certain social issues that include developing a confused sexual identity, suffering discrimination from children and parents in heterosexual families and also show a tendency of becoming gays or lesbians themselves (Brym & Lie, 2012).

Functionalism Theory

The functionalism theory emphasizes that social structure, not just personal motivation, produces deviance. Functionalism theory sees the society as a set of social institutions that carry out certain fundamental functions so as to ensure continuity. According to the functionalist perspective, the family undertakes significant tasks that contribute to the society’s basic requirements as well as assist to perpetuate social order. Sociologists working in the functionalist tradition consider the nuclear family as a vital social group that meets specialized roles in the contemporary society. Today, as the society becomes more industrialized, the family has become less significant as a social unit of economic cooperation and increased focus on reproduction, child-rearing as well as socialization.

American sociologist Talcott Parsons described the primary functions of the family to be primary socialization and personality stabilization. Primary socialization describes the process by which children learn and internalize the cultural norms of a society that they belong. The cultural norms include language, history, and societal values and occur during the early childhood years thus the family is a vital arena. Personality stabilization describes the family’s responsibility in helping adult family members emotionally. According to Parson’s the family assists to stabilize personalities through the sexual division of labor in the family (Browne, 2006).

Conclusion

The family is a critical social group that undertakes fundamental societal roles. The issues of cohabiting, adoption, stepfamilies, grandparents as parents, gay/lesbian families and abuse/neglect cause various social problems to the different family members. In my opinion, the problems of stepfamilies, grandparents bringing up children and gay or lesbian households threaten the existence of this social institution.

 References

Browne, K. (2006): Introducing Sociology for AS level. Polity.

Brym, R. J., & Lie, J. (2012): Sociology: Pop culture to social structure. Cengage Learning.

Henslin, J. M., Possamai, A. M., Possamai-Inesedy, A. L., Marjoribanks, T., & Elder, K. (2015): Sociology: A down to earth approach. Pearson Higher Education AU.

Kornblum, W. (2011): Sociology in a changing world. Cengage Learning.

Tischler, H. (2013): Cengage Advantage Books: Introduction to Sociology. Nelson Education.

Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at Melda Research in nursing paper writing services if you need a similar paper you can place your order for Medicine Essay Writing.

Green Home Design

There are various energy and resource saving methods that could be applied to homes. With the constantly changing environment, it’s vital to be environmentally aware and put. It’s even more significant when individuals consider how much money they save by having a green home. These methods are easy and simple concepts that can be easily implemented. Being aware of energy saving benefits also helps create a positive atmosphere. This paper discusses eight green home ideas.

Location

Home location is an important factor to consider.  Homes facing west keep the home cool as it reduces sun exposure. Secondly, a location should not be environmentally sensitive such as flood, hurricane, and earthquake prone areas.  A home should also allow easy access to public transportation and other amenities. This reduces consumption of resources and time(Kibert, 2016).

Size

A small home is likely to have smaller impacts on the environment compared to large homes. Houses that are large are likely to require more resources to cool and heat. It is important to try to keep the place cost effective and manageable (Kamal & Gani, 2016).

Energy Efficient Equipment

 Energy Efficient Equipments are considered environmental friendly by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  Choosing ENERGY STAR or other well-known label for energy star appliances for homes has a positive impact on the environment without compromising performance (Kamal & Gani, 2016).

Proper Insulation

Proper insulation is a factor to consider when building a green home. Heating and cooling take a significant percentage of homes’ energy consumption. Air leaks such as many windows, door and ducts are responsible for home’s heat loss. Cooling and heating of a home’s interior space air should not go to waste through improper insulation. Proper insulation does not only reduce energy consumption but also brings down electricity bills considerably (Kamal & Gani, 2016).

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

It is important to reduce the need for buying products that are not considered environment-friendly. Old materials such as wood floors, windows, doors can be reused. Additionally, recycled materials such as aluminum, recycled tiles, recycled glass, recycled plastic and reclaimed lumber can be used in the green home building (Van & Cowan, 2013).

Use of Sustainable Building Materials

Eco-friendly products can reduce the effect of construction on the surrounding environment. Every part of the house such as building material, roofing material, counters, cabinet and insulation to flooring should be eco-friendly. Products such as reclaimed lumber or natural products such as linoleum, cork, and bamboo are environmentally friendly (Van & Cowan, 2013).

Install Solar Panels and Programmable Thermostat

 Solar energy is a form of a renewable and clean source of energy. Solar panels utilize the natural power and save energy in the long-term. Home location, as well as the construction of solar panels, can determine how much power can be collected. Taking advantage of solar power brings down energy consumption to the utility company. Also, government incentives, grants and tax breaks are huge benefit users of solar power in homes (Darwish, 2014).

Rainwater Harvesting Systems and Tankless Water Heaters

A rainwater harvesting system allows collection of rainwater from roofs and subsequent storage. Collected water can then be utilized for numerous purposes. With tankless water heaters, there is no need to wait for water to get heated. Tankless water heaters use electric coils to heat only water that is required. This eliminates excess energy costs and eliminates the need for hot water tank (Panigrahi et al., 2014).

Efficient Landscaping

Efficient landscaping can allow a home to have direct sunlight through windows.  Planting trees on the western and southern side of a home can keep the home cooler as it blocks sunlight from falling directly on the house.  During winter, trees are likely to lose their leaves and allow more sunlight to reach the home.

References

Darwish, A. S. (2014). Eco-Friendly Buildings: the central factor in transitioning to a Green Economy. International Journal of Environment and Sustainability (IJES), 3(1).

Kamal, M., & Gani, M. O. (2016). A Critical Review on Importance of Eco-structure Building or Green Building in Bangladesh. International Journal of Business Administration, 7(3), p166.

Kibert, C. J. (2016). Sustainable construction: green building design and delivery. John Wiley & Sons.

Panigrahi, S., Ali, S. M., Dash, R., & Praveen, C. S. (2014). Constructional development of green building for the sustainable eco-friendly environment.

Van der Ryn, S., & Cowan, S. (2013). Ecological design. Island Press.

 Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at Melda Research in nursing paper writing services if you need a similar paper you can place your order for Medicine Essay Writing.

euthanasia

The important topic of euthanasia, as well as physician, assisted suicide has received support and criticisms in equal measure on whether they are morally permissible. Euthanasia refers to the intentional act to commit suicide or an intentional omission to lengthen the life of an incurable patient in their interest or so as to benefit them. Physician-assisted suicide refers to the intentional action in which a medical practitioner provides medications or other interventions to a patient with the clear understanding that the patient will use them to end their life.  Physician-assisted suicide is already legalized in states such as Oregon, Vermont, California and Washington that have enacted death with dignity statutes. Physician-assisted suicide is also legalized in Montana by state Supreme Court ruling. In this paper, I employ various moral dimensions to argue that physician-assisted suicide should be legalized in the US.

II.    First argument

The principle of autonomy justifies the legalization of physician-assisted death. The principle of autonomy requires that patients must be permitted to make a decision on when it is appropriate to commit suicide through physician-assisted suicide. This principle is one of the fundamental principles of medical ethics, thus of great importance and should be respected. The patients wanting to commit suicide may want to do so because of severe suffering caused by terminal illness. Patients suffering from terminal diseases have a right to decide not to hurt (Mitchell, Ben, 69). Proponents of physician-assisted suicide argue that suffering is evil hence the act is necessary to eliminate suffering and pain. Therefore, permitting assisted suicide so as only to end suffering is necessary, and those suffering have a right to end their suffering by committing suicide. Considering that these patients have no specialized or well-trained knowledge of committing suicide, they, therefore, are dependent on physicians to give them a successful approach to ending their lives.

III.    Objection to the first argument

The first argument, however, does not work, and not all the premises are justifiable, and all combined cannot result in a suitable conclusion. For instance, technical training is not an appropriate reason to state why a physician must assist a patient in ending their lives. There are numerous other effective approaches available on the internet and other sources that can result in successful suicide. It thus does not require any training. Also, the principle of autonomy is not an absolute human good and has several limitations due to several factors in healthcare. One is the disparity of knowledge as well as the clinical judgment of the patient. Two, suffering is not insurmountable although it is a severe problem. Most of the patients who want to end their lives because of suffering usually mean physical pain which is treatable. Several powerful analgesics and pain management interventions assist in managing pain.

IV.    Reply to the objection

This objection is, however, wrong since the principle of autonomy is concerned on patient empowerment, choice as well as human dignity. These three values cannot be achieved if the principle is limited. Although the physician agrees to assist, the decision is solely made by the patient. Also, unlike most other means of committing suicide available on the internet, physician-assisted suicide is not painful. In countries that have permitted the physician-assisted suicide, the Death with Dignity law ensures that the process is voluntary and no one gets obligated to use the laws. When the physician prescribes the medication, the patient is the only one “who can decide if and when they want to take the prescribed medication” (Death with Dignity).

V.    Second argument

The principle beneficence in medical ethics requires that physicians further the well-being of patients. Therefore, if living creates more pain and suffering as compared to death, then physician-assisted suicide should be permitted. If death is the lesser evil to a situation, a physician is permitted to give a patient morphine for pain relief, even though they understand that it hasten the patient’s death. Also, physicians cannot allow a patient to starve themselves to death or use other cruel methods of committing suicide. It is the duty of the doctor to examine the patient other appropriate palliative care options besides stopping to eat and drink. The physicians actively assist a patient to starve themselves by prescribing a sedative known as terminal sedation so as to reduce the discomfort associated with starving and dehydration (Grohol, John).

VI.    Objection to the second argument

This argument is, however, wrong since doctors have a duty to do good at all times and must not involve themselves with the death of a patient, even when a patient requests for it. However, actively assisting a patient to shorten their lives makes them a killer. Kamm, Frances Myrna argues that when a doctor prescribes morphine to produce pain relief and also foresees with certainty that the patient will die, this should be considered as a killing case, even though the physician did not intend the death.

VII.    Objection

The principle of beneficence does not violate the patient’s right not to be killed since the legalization of physician-assisted suicide gives clear guidelines top protect the patient and the doctor. Also, the “law does not coerce or compel a physician to prescribe fatal doses of medication to aid in the death of patient” (Pies, Ronald). Therefore if the law is passed, they will be required to do it for the benefit of patients.

VIII.    Conclusion

The paper comprehensively argues that physician-assisted suicide should be permitted in the US. The principle of autonomy gives a terminally-ill patient who is mentally competent (that is not psychotic, delirious or severely depressed) the right to make a decision to commit suicide. The principle of beneficence protects the doctor of such a patient in assisting in death for the benefit of the patient. Therefore, assisted suicide should be legalized in all states in America.

References

Death with Dignity: How to Access and Use Death with Dignity Laws (2016) 

Grohol, John. Death with Dignity: Why I Don’t Want to Have to Starve Myself to Death (2012): 

Kamm, Frances Myrna. "A Right to Choose Death?." Boston review 22.3 (1997).

Mitchell, Ben “Why Doctors Must Not Be Complicit in Killing Their Patients” (2015): p. 69-71

Pies, Ronald: Physician-Assisted Suicide: Why Medical Ethics Must Sometimes Trump the Patient’s Choice (2012)

Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at Melda Research in nursing paper writing services if you need a similar paper you can place your order for Medicine Essay Writing.

Health economic

The health care economy is a topic that attracts special interest due to the significance of health to the US economy. Additionally, it is a profound effect on healthcare provision to individuals and ultimate well-being of the population. On the other hand, explicit allocation of resources in the health care industry has become a source of conflict among different stakeholders. Different economic factors in health system significantly determine the effectiveness of health care delivery and well-being of a population. Numerous issues have motivated the ongoing healthcare reforms. To gain a better understanding of health care system, it is important to understand different aspects of healthcare economics. This paper discusses the demand for health and supply of insurance in order to determine how ongoing health insurance policies affect demand for health care.

Health insurance policies affect demand for health care

The Affordable Care Act increased access to health insurance coverage to many previously uninsured individuals. These efforts were expected to increase demand for hospital and physician services as a result of expanded access to providers necessary to accommodate the expected increase in demand. There were differing views on the increases of the scale arising from the policy.   The purpose of the Act was to achieve improved quality, better access and greater efficiency particularly for uninsured individuals, low-income people, and individuals with previous low access to insurance. Various researchers have conducted studies on the impact of insurance on demand for medical services.

According to Dong (2013), the demand for medical care is affected substantially by the growth of health insurance. The study shows that as the out-of-pocket price increases, the demand for medical care decreases. Consumers of healthcare attempt to minimize their expenses by making less frequent visits to their healthcare providers (Dong, 2013). Additionally, the author finds that deductible reduced the demand for medical services. As a result, the amount of health care consumed increases as deductible and coinsurance rates decrease.

It is important to determine the relation between the quantity of medical services and utility in order to derive the demand curve for medical care. In this case, the stock of health should be viewed as a durable good that produces utility. The law of diminishing marginal utility applies to healthcare. Intermediate factors appearing between are not considered in the assessment. Accordingly, an incremental improvement in health results in a small addition to total utility. Thus, health care generates utility. As a result, utility can is specified as a function of the quantity of medical care.  At a particular market price, consumers determine the right combination of goods and services to pay for using their fixed incomes.  These include medical care.  Microeconomic theorists hold that consumers choose the bundle of goods and services that are likely to maximize utility.

According to studies, there are various factors associated with insurance that affect the demand for services. Risk-averse persons are more likely to pay for insurance to provide protection against possible future losses related to illnesses. Among large sources of uncertainties, affecting families include medical expenses.  On the other hand, this is one type of uncertainties that insurance companies are suited to address. Thus, the decision regarding health services is based on various factors including risk preferences, availability of services and cost. Insurance coverage is also a key factor in determining about the type of care to seek and the stage of need.  Accordingly, people with insurance are more likely to use primary care given that they do not incur a direct monetary cost for such service. Similarly, those without insurance are more likely to end up being hospitalized or tend to seek emergency care as they may seek healthcare at an acute stage.

Rosenbaum (2011) observed that patterns of health care utilization have changed since health care reform.  A preliminary analysis conducted using outpatient data, hospital discharge data and ER data from that state suggest that the likelihood that a hospital visitor was an ER visit or outpatient decreased for people who got insurance coverage during or after health reforms. The findings show that individuals who gained insurance coverage increasingly substituted away from hospital care towards care received in local clinics and physicians’ offices (Rosenbaum, 2011).

The study also showed that insured tend to be those with observed and unobserved traits correlated with lower health risk. Observed traits correlated with lower health risks include higher education while unobserved traits being such as greater health-consciousness.  In either case, this means that insured people have observed and unobserved characteristics that are associated with demand for medical care. Another factor is that health insurance reduces the price of health care. Thus, other things equal, insured individuals tend to utilize more health care services. For example, a person who is indifferent between utilizing and not utilizing particular medical service at uninsured rates is likely to utilize it if they have insurance. 

In the context of health insurance, research about moral hazard is relatively scanty.  Moral hazard is well researched in other insurance contexts that entail adverse health outcomes. For example, Kiil & Houlberg (2014) suggest that there is an increase in workplace injury when employees’ injury compensation is high and an increase in motor vehicle accidents linked with generous car insurance (Kiil & Houlberg, 2014). Intuitively, individuals covered by health insurance are likely to engage in less healthy behavior given that it lowers the emotional and monetary cost of the resulting negative health outcomes hence providing a safety net.

For example, a person with a chronic disease is more likely to rely on medication rather than behavioral improvement once drugs become cheaper. This is also true for health insurance where the impacts of behavioral improvement show up gradually and in a less perceptible manner than medication (Hofer et al., 2011). A policy implication that mandates insurance coverage to enhance the health status of a targeted population may not be fully efficient. In part, the effectiveness depends on how much people substitute medication for behavioral improvement. For example, an assessment on the impact of mandates in some states that necessitate health insurance companies to cover diabetes treatment without a corresponding increase in premium shows a similar perspective (Hofer et al., 2011). The study suggests that such mandates produce strong disincentives for peoples’ behavioral prevention and steadily increase the patients’ BMI in the states affected. The result is associated with not engaging in good diet and physical exercise (Kolstad & Kowalski, 2012).  Consequently, distinguishing between the two impacts may help further uncover relevant policy parameters.

Identifying the underlying impact of health insurance on medical utilization and health behavior is important in controlling for potential adverse or advantageous selection effects. For example, if more risk-averse individuals or more health-conscious self-select into the insured group, or if the provider successfully selects the group of individuals with healthier habits through price discrimination, then it is likely that the insured will have healthier behavior. The result is a downward bias in the expected insurance impact on unhealthy behavior (Blumberg et al., 2012). In the same way, if the insurance service provider has observed or unobserved traits that are negatively or positively correlated with medical utilization, then estimations of the insurance effects on medical 

Different studies show that medical services utilization is a function of endogenous health insurance as well as health behavior. Additionally, Health behavior is a function of the various insurance decisions. The health insurance equation changes in availability or cost of health insurance causes an increase in the use of health care.  People purchase health insurances mainly because they prefer the certainty of small premium to paying large medical bills that characterize the risk of illnesses and injuries (Baker, 2011).However, additional health care consumed by individuals as a result of the low cost of medical services is not equivalent to the cost of producing it. As a result, economists have promoted policies such as managed care and copayments to minimize consumption of the additional care.

Conclusion

Health Insurance is one of the factors in a health system that significantly determines the effectiveness of health care delivery and well-being of a population. Identifying the underlying impact of health insurance on medical utilization is important in controlling for potential adverse or advantageous selection effects. Patterns of health care utilization have changed since health care reform.  Insured individuals tend to be those with observed and unobserved traits correlated with lower health risk. Observed traits correlated with lower health risks include higher education while unobserved traits being such as greater health-consciousness.  This means that insured people have observed and unobserved characteristics that are associated with demand for medical care. Thus, the decision regarding health services is based on various factors including risk preferences, availability of services and cost. Insurance coverage is also a key factor in determining the type of care to seek and the stage of need. 

 References

Atella, V., Holly, A., & Mistretta, A. (2016). Disentangling adverse selection, moral hazard, and supply induced demand: An empirical analysis of the demand for healthcare services.

Dong, Y. (2013). How Health Insurance Affects Health Care Demand—A Structural Analysis Of Behavioral Moral Hazard And Adverse Selection. Economic Inquiry, 51(2), 1324-1344.

Kiil, A., & Houlberg, K. (2014). How does copayment for health care services affect demand, health, and redistribution? A systematic review of the empirical evidence from 1990 to 2011. The European Journal of Health Economics, 15(8), 813-828.

Rosenbaum, S. (2011). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: implications for public health policy and practice. Public Health Reports, 130-135.

Hofer, A. N., Abraham, J., & Moscovice, I. (2011). Expansion of coverage under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and primary care utilization. Milbank Quarterly, 89(1), 69-89.

Blumberg, L. J., Buettgens, M., Feder, J., & Holahan, J. (2012). Why employers will continue to provide health insurance: the impact of the Affordable Care Act. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 49(2), 116-126.

Baker, T. (2011). Health insurance, risk, and responsibility after the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 1577-1622.

Kolstad, J. T., & Kowalski, A. E. (2012). The impact of health care reform on hospital and preventive care: evidence from Massachusetts. Journal of Public Economics, 96(11), 909-929.

Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at Melda Research in nursing paper writing services if you need a similar paper you can place your order for Medicine Essay Writing.

Tendencies and Perspectives of the Marriage Rate in Russia

Tendencies and Perspectives of the Marriage Rate in Russia

Human reproduction defines the national population, and it is only instituted with the existence of marriages. Marriage is defined with the aim of reproducing, however, the validity of marriages in Russia is a concern to the fact that the rate at which unofficial marriages are occurring is overwhelming the official marriage and this has led to many divorces in proportion to marriage. The children population being born out of wedding log is increasing. The journal presents the views and the perceptions that regard all the observations about the marriage rate in Russia (Khairullina, Nursafa, et al., 2016). The tendencies in the current early age marriages are influenced by the changing morals and values in the youth population. The cultural values of the society that were observed to abide the marriage institution have failed to get implemented and this has led to making own choices without involving the potential institutions such as churches and parents in decision making.

The law seems to state the minimum age for valid marriages, but the custom is not observed such that the youth are becoming secretive with the fact that they are being self-centered and don’t mind sharing their wishes and desires with the older people who are defined with wisdom. It is ideal that some measures get put in place to make sure that the current observed perceptions and tendencies are handled to save the marriage institution which is defined as having children to maintain the population. The spirit of official marriages should be revived to curb on unofficial marriages and children being born out of wedding log. Also, the moral family values should get strengthened to facilitate an upright society.

References

Khairullina, Nursafa G. et al. (2016). Tendencies and Perspectives of the Marriage Rate in Russia, Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, (Volume VII, Spring), 2(16): 248 – 259, doi:10.14505/jarle.v7.2(16).08.

Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at Melda Research in best nursing writing services if you need a similar paper you can place your order for custom nursing papers.

Project Management

A project manager may not be necessarily a project leader. Both leaders and managers are professionals who are required to conduct planning, execution, and implementation of a project. Both managers and leaders are in charge of a project team. However, they defer in how they carry out their roles. This paper discusses factors that set apart a leader from just a Project Managers.

Introduction

There is a difference between the project leader and a project manager. A project manager is a person responsible for coordinating and directing and resources.  Project managers have the responsibilities to understand and observe their impact on the project as change agents. Often, a project leadership is so focused on the day-to-day activities of carrying out their project objectives that the impact on the business is not readily apparent.  On the other hand, a project leader is an individual who genuinely leads people in the project. Leaders have a vision and are able to get people signed in to the vision and engaged. It means that in one project manager can also be a project leader. Managers focus on plans, tactics, and budgeting by organizing and obtaining resources, exerting control over situations; and solving problems while leaders focus on the strategic aspect by setting direction, aligning resources; and empowering and inspiring.

Leadership versus project management

Project management and leadership skills inherently share some similar characteristics. They are inherent qualities inexorably linked to a manager or a leader. Whereas leaders serve to inspire and motivate, manager exists to plan, organize and coordinate.  A manager is responsible for communicating organization’s rules and philosophies and ensuring that individuals abide by them. For managers, relationships that exist with employees are influenced by a hierarchical management system.

Project Managers are responsible for maintaining the day to day operations of the organization in order for the cogs of operations remain well-oiled. Managers are often more focused on the bottom line and can base their decisions on calculations. Good project managers serve to enforce the execution of project requirements. In contrast, leaders focus on interpersonal relationships. Project leaders base their decisions on reports and assess the entire project situation to determine most appropriate strategies. A project leader will also be willing to ignore the bottom line and focus on the projects long-range growth perspective. A project leader is a fearless innovator who takes high risks in search of high rewards and challenges the status quo (Howell et al., 2004).

A key characteristic of a manager is that their authority emanates from the nature of their role. They focus on routine tasks, ensure work gets done, ensure work gets done and manage the activities of others. Their focus is on tactical activities and is likely to have a more directive and controlling approach. Being tactical is not always a negative approach as the skill set is greatly needed for a project particularly in a fast paced environment. The ability to organize people to complete tasks is a great asset.

To be a project leader, it is important to be more strategically focused instead of directing through tasks, leaders inspire, motivate followers to drive themselves. Leaders are adept in the use of Emotional Intelligence and employ it so as to attain the best.While project managers attain their authority based on their role, the authorities of leaders are innate in their approach. Effective leadership skills are not easy to learn given that they are more behavioral in nature compared to the skills needed for managers. Leaders employ a wide range of soft skills that, if unknown, these skills can be very difficult to master (Cleland & Ireland, 2006). Leaders are also significantly focused on change. They recognize that continuous improvement can be attained in followers and their activities can be a substantial step towards continued improvement.

Project managers manage the project and do not necessarily lead it. This means that project managers are very rational and task-oriented. They largely focus on processes and events such as allocating resources, calculating effort, reporting progress and estimating duration. The way they manage the project team is one based on authority. The management approach has been regarded as a “push” approach as they generally tell people what to do. Leadership is regarded as a “pull” approach. Project leadership is quite different as it is more people focused.

Leaders don’t just tell followers what to do rather motivate and inspire them by appealing to them at an individual level to ensure achievement of the overall vision. Leaders are more inspirational and visionary and do not an emphasis on skill-centric approaches to completing tasks. Another perspective of looking at the difference between project management and leadership is that project management is very finite and definite (Clarke, 2009). L. There is a right, and a wrong way to follow, and the project manager uphold that. By contrast, leadership is much more open. Project leaders empower people, ask questions, and listen to people rather than just dictating what is expected of them.

Conclusion

Both project leaders and managers defer in skills, training, experience and other factors. Leaders have a vision and are able to get people signed in to the vision and engaged. Project managers manage the project and do not necessarily lead it. This means that project managers are very rational and task-oriented.  A project manager can also be a project leader.

References

Clarke, P. A. (2009). Leadership, beyond project management. Industrial and Commercial Training, 41(4), 187-194.

Cleland, D. L., & Ireland, L. R. (2006). Project management. McGraw-Hill Professional.

Howell, G., Macomber, H., Koskela, L., & Draper, J. (2004, August). Leadership and project management: time for a shift from Fayol to Flores. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC-12) (pp. 22-29).

Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at Melda Research in best nursing writing services if you need a similar paper you can place your order for custom nursing papers.