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Opioid overdose

Currently, the US is facing an unprecedented epidemic of Opioid overdose. Experts claim that the rise of Opioid abuse may be traced to the increased prescription rates for painkillers by the well-meaning physicians. Following the positive treatment in cancer patients, opioids started being prescribed to patients with chronic non-cancer pain. Opioid tend to have a significant role in treating some chronic and acute pain. Opioids can have some beneficial effects and also adverse effects in some cases.

A pro for the use of Opioid include reduce cancer and acute pain condition and helps in the management of chronic pain. The benefit of the use of Opioid is that it helps to relieve pain. The pain management tends to be a major priority for patients who have chronic pain; thus, the benefit of Opioid use in such a situation tends to outweigh the harm (Sketka, 2015).

A major disadvantage with regards to Opioid is the addiction. Despite Opioid being helpful as a pain reliever, it does result to physical dependence from the long-term use. Another con for Opioid is the side effects involved with the use of Opioid such as physical inactivity, functional impairment, psychological dependence, and suppression of sex hormones (Sketka, 2015). The major disadvantage is that many people have been able to develop addiction with Opioid while they are trying to treat other medical problems. The prolonged use of opioids leads to dependence and when one is hooked, increasing amounts of drugs in needed so as to prevent the feelings of withdrawal. With the use of opioids, it is necessary to ensure careful patient selection and monitoring so as to help maximize the pain relief and also to identify any potential misuse of opioids.

Reference

HHS opioid research portfolio brief. 

Sketka, B (2015). Opioids for Chronic Pain: Yes or No? 

Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at MeldaResearch.Com in nursing essay help USA if you need a similar paper you can place your order from custom college papers.

Foster Care Community

Introduction

            Referring patients to community services is crucial for optimum continuity of car, but the referrals between hospital and community sectors are challenging to utilize (Edwards, Davies, Ploeg, Virani & Skelly, 2007). As such, it is necessary that nurses have a thorough understanding of the patient referral resources and interventions. A community provider may not be fully effective in servicing a person or a family in need.

 It is imperative for a health care professional to understand how and when to refer and what resources and interventions are available for clients. The essay focuses on two referral programs on diabetes as discussed under various categories.   

Part 1

Audit two programs which coordinate referrals to resources and interventions in the community. Provide a conceptual overview of these two programs.

            The selected programs assist in addressing the problems associated with diabetes. The major purpose of the programs is to sensitize people on the best practices of managing diabetes through lifestyle choices. The programs are offered by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and Tivity health with a slogan of “live healthy. Live long.”

            The first program is the National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP) which operates under the sponsorship of the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The program focuses on providing helpful resources to pregnant women at risk of getting diabetes. Such patients may develop gestational diabetes which may disappear when the baby is born. However, there are high chances of getting diabetes later in life, hence necessary to monitor and refer the patients to seek services from helpful programs (NIH, 2016).

            The second program is trivity health that seeks to engage people and communities in a shared mission of improving health outcomes and reducing the health costs. The program is designed to empower members of all ages and stages of life for them to enjoy enhanced physical activity and productivity. There are various programs offered that include Silver Sneakers, Prime Fitness, and Whole Health Living. The focus of the discussion lies on Silver Sneakers that empowers the aging population to remain active (Tivity Health, 2017).    

  Part 2

Provide a synthesis of the following: the at-risk population, the resources utilized, and how the chosen referral program assisted in accessing the resources by the at-risk population noted.

            The National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP) for the pregnant women provides important resources on getting tested, changing foods, being more active, and engaging the whole family in the interventions. The population at risk of gestational diabetes comprises of the pregnant women who may or not have a history of diabetes in their family history. In some cases, the condition is genetically motivated, but in others, it occurs out of other complex reasons. The health-care professional ought to identify the likely cause of the condition before referring a patient to a community program. The program utilizes various resources to assist the pregnant women in controlling the diabetic condition after diagnosis. The resources provided are designed to support lifestyle change thereby enhancing the health outcomes of the patients. The resources used in the program are obtained from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The resources have the information on the guidelines of getting tested for diabetes, type of foods to take, physical exercises to adopt, and the steps taken for the whole family to get involved (NIH, 2016). 

            The selected referral program was essential in assessing the resources for the at-risk population comprising of pregnant women. The program has a fully functional information center where patients can make calls, send emails, and also visit the office. The utilization of the information center details makes it easy to access the needed resources without delays. The use of phone conversations and email correspondence are effective methods of requesting for the necessary resources. A snippet of the resources shows that patients ought to be tested for diabetes 6 to 12 weeks after the baby is born. For normal results, the patient should be tested every three years, but those with high blood sugar, prediabetes, should have annual checkups.       

Part 3

Provide a synthesis of the following: the at-risk population, the interventions utilized, and how the chosen referral program assisted in accessing necessary interventions.

            Silver Sneakers program is provided by tivity health to aid the seniors in adopting fitness solutions. It empowers active aging but is also appropriate for other people desiring to lead a healthy life through physical exercises. Silver Sneakers is an appropriate referral program that provides community fitness interventions to promote greater health engagement and accountability by performing regular exercise. The program is suitable for people diagnosed with diabetes who desire to have a lifestyle change by having regular physical exercises as advised by the care provider. Aged people are at increased risk of developing a myriad of health problems, hence necessary to adopt healthy lifestyle choices. Similar recommendations are given to diabetic patients since adopting healthy lifestyle choices helps to control the imbalanced sugar levels (Tivity Health, 2017).    

            The fitness program is provided at no cost, and the classes are designed for all abilities comprising of millions of members. The eligible participants get cards that are used to access the fitness centers located strategically in the community. Members have unrestricted access and unlimited visits to every location of the centers. The facilities have weights, treadmills, pools, and other social amenities. The intervention program also involves fitness classes offered by certified instructors. The members take classes that are right for them from low impact to high intensity and gym classes designed for each level. The intervention includes strength training, aerobics, and flexibility activities that help to keep the body fit. Health and vitality programs continue to be common and more essential to ensure that people are active members of the community and the world by keeping fit. The referred diabetic patients to the fitness centers get the necessary assistance on being physically active in addition to diet change and regular checkups.

            The referral program was appropriate in accessing the necessary interventions as evident in its range of services and fitness centers. The program offers several programs designed to keep the members physically fit and has more than 13,000 locations nationwide (Tivity Health, 2017). Hence, it is easy to find a find a fitness center in the community setup. The fitness centers are accessed free that motivates people to join and take part in the attempts of promoting their health outcomes. The provision of facilities and certified instructors in all the centers ensures that the participants achieve their goals in health promotion.

Conclusion

            Nurses are in a better position to inform patients about referral resources to the patients who require additional interventions for their health. They ought to be aware of the available referral programs for as well as the available resources before making recommendations to their patients. The selected referral programs are essential in promoting better health outcomes for diabetic patients as discussed.

References

Edwards, N., Davies, B., Ploeg, J., Virani, T., & Skelly, J. (2007). Implementing nursing best practice guidelines: Impact on patient referrals: BMC Nursing, 6, 4.

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIH) (2016) Health information on National Diabetes Education Program.

Tivity Health (2017) Silver Sneakers Fitness Program: Empowering active aging. 

Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at MeldaResearch.Com in nursing essay help USA if you need a similar paper you can place your order from custom college papers.  

Transdermal Contraceptive Patches

 1. Problem identification

·         The high school girls are becoming pregnant as well as the society experiencing the highest percentage of parenting teens. It becomes a threat to the education system, and questions have been raised over the moral development. Palliative care involves comprehensive management of the patient’s needs while remaining sensitive to their values and beliefs.

·         The supported proposal by the County Health Department is the introduction of the transdermal contraceptive patches to the girls without the consent of the parent’s aims to control and prevent pregnancy amongst the youths.

·       Dr. Howe, an elected member of the Haworth school board, is given the task of presenting the proposal to the public. A controversy arises about the validity of administering the dose to the girls instead of adopting some other better techniques of preventing pregnancy.

a)      Technical facts

The primary players in the case study include:

·         Lloyd Howe – Haworth School Board member and Pharmacy professional

b)  Moral parameters

• Pregnancy contraceptives can only be administered according to the prescription of the doctor and to women who have reached the right age so as to hasten the side effects.
• A pharmacist cannot prescribe some medicines to a child without the consent of the parent.
• Any person to receive medication must have the full knowledge and understanding of the treatment, and their decisions must be respected unless in a case of saving a life.
• The society morals do not promote practices that will enhance the engagement in immorality things. The provision of contraceptives will give the girls freedom of doing sex without the fear of getting pregnancy but remember of the underlying infections and sexually related diseases.

c)  Legal constraints

• The proposal of administering the contraceptive to girls without the consent of parents creates the room for prosecuting the proposal developers. Parents are normally held for law prosecutions on behalf of their children.

d)  Human value

• The goal of drawing the proposal to provide contraceptives to high school girls are to prevent them from getting pregnant while still at school.
• Any medicine must be safe to the human survival and should not harm but extend the lifespan.
• Education is regarded as the only thing that will influence the best future of an individual thus making life enjoyable.
• Parental care is necessary towards the life of a child and thus must be informed of everything that the child participates thus must be well informed.

2. Alternative courses of action

a)  Agree with a local minister, mother and the mother of minority

• The practice will be immoral and goes against the societal moral values
• Get the girl be given the medication based on her consent and the parent knowledge over what will be going on with the daughter
• Better moral approaches should be considered, and the factors initiating the early sex practices must be taken as the core principles

b) Disagree with Dr. Howe and develop another approach towards handling and preventing pregnancy amongst high school girls

• The behavior of a child depends on the environment of growing, and the kind of discipline parents have offered to their children.
• Providing contraceptives will create other problems such as the increased sexual related diseases. At the same time, the medication will be misused with the fact that the proposal wants the process to be done to the knowledge of the parents.
• Creation of awareness and through education programs will enhance good moral values that will get the changing of the girls’ behavior and thus make them understand and realize the need of doing things at the right time and place.

3. Best alternative

a) The best alternative is to disagree with Dr. Howe and get them to come up with moral development programs

• The school board should protect the students and make sure that after leaving the school are still responsible for themselves
• The contraception administration will stop after finishing school what will be next
• The ethical operations of pharmacist does not give in to forceful medicine administration

 4. Objections to the alternatives

a) Factual errors

• Dr. Howe may be wrong
• Contraceptives are only recommended to aged ladies doing family planning.
• Every medication should be done in light of the patient and the parent or the guardian

b) Faulty reasoning

• All high school girls are taking part in sexual practices
• Contraceptive is not immoral to eligible persons doing the family planning
• Assuming the effects of a substance creates future issues. Failure to highlight the side effects of medications causes further big challenges the patient’s perspective is a significant part decision.

c) Conflict values

• Health professionals must observe the ethics of delivering quality services
• School is an institution that should promote religious based morals, and this is controversial with the introduction of such practice that goes against the expectations
• It may prevent pregnancy of the innocent girl if done against the girl’s consent

References

Rosenberg, W., & Donald, A. (1995). Evidence based medicine: an approach to clinical problem-solving. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 310(6987), 1122.

Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at MeldaResearch.Com in nursing essay help USA if you need a similar paper you can place your order from custom college papers.

Principles of Management

Question 1

When answering the question on “why do you want to be a manager,” a good answer will be to demonstrate one’s management mindset. It is important to explain how you intend to lead and manage the team to achieve success. An example of a bad answer is that “I want more responsibility” or that “I will do a better job than the previous manager.” When an interviewer provides the bad answer, it demonstrates that, when given the new job, the manager will only focus on their responsibility without having a complete understanding of how to work with his team or even to motivate them. 

The answer such as I am born a leader is also bad, and such a manager is likely to demonstrate a very bad behavior that involves controlling the team members rather than guiding them towards achieving the goal. A manager who provides the good answer tends to show that they can handle the work they are applying for and also have the right traits to lead a group.

Question 3

Planning tends to be essential for success. In my life, I have always practiced planning, and as a result, I have managed to achieve most of my plans. With the goals that I want to achieve, I always ensure that I make a plan and by doing this I can focus on things that I want to accomplish. As I was completing my degree, I decided that it was best that I also apply for a short course that I would do on a part-time basis. For me to achieve this, I decided to create a plan of how I would study the two courses without neglecting one of them or affecting my way of thing. Therefore, I created a schedule and indicated what I want to accomplish within a certain time, and with this plan in place, I managed to complete my short course and also completed my degree. From my planning experience, I realized that through planning, it provides an individual with the direction of how to complete a certain action so as to accomplish a goal. A good aspect of planning is that it gives a person focus on what you want to accomplish. Another aspect if planning is that, planning how to accomplish a goal tends to force a person to organize them and prioritize them.

Question 7

A good management situation is in regards to open communication. When a manager is working with his team members, it is necessary to ensure that there is open communication. Ensuring open communication is considered as good management because it does help to create a work environment where employees are free to communicate and express ideas to one another. In a situation where more people are involved in completing a task, the manager should create open lines of communication so that everyone can have a clear understanding of what they are doing and what should be achieved. Open communication tends to tie with the management function of coordinating. Coordinating does control all organizing, planning, and staffing activities of the company and ensures the activities function together. It involves communication and supervision. Without good communication, it is hard to ensure that everyone is on the same page.  

Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at MeldaResearch.Com in nursing essay help USA if you need a similar paper you can place your order from custom college papers.

Immigration Issue

Abstract

Immigration is a critical and controversial issue that has attracted the attention of governments, political leaders, citizens and policymakers all around the world. Immigration, which started many centuries ago, can be attributed to factors such as globalization and gets associated with various positive impacts such economic growth. However, immigration also gets associated with different social, economic and political implications as described in this study. It is critical to understand the problems related to immigration since the global annual flow of immigrants has increased significantly and also assists in developing appropriate solutions.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRUDCTION TO THE STUDY

Introduction and Background of the problem

The definition recommended by the United Nations of a long-term international immigrant is an individual who moves from their residence nation to another country for at least a year so that the nation of destination effectively becomes their new country of residence. The global annual flow of immigrants is estimated to be 15 million that gets categorized into four groups namely economic (6 million), student (4 million), refugee or asylum (3 million) and family (2 million). 

The problem of illegal immigration is more severe in the US where it is estimated that over I million immigrants come to the US each year either legally or illegally and that the number of illegal immigrants in the country in 2015 was estimated to be approximately 11 million people (Bardes, Shelley & Schmidt, 2015). In Europe, the foreign-born population was estimated to be 48.9 million or 9.7 percent of the total population in 2011.

Immigration gets attributed to various reasons. One of the major factors that contribute to immigration is globalization that has led to all kinds of cross-border flows of trade and searches for better employment opportunities. The significant advances in communication and transportation technologies have enabled the fast and safe movement of people over long distances. Trade agreements between states also are the primary cause of the movement of people between states. The movement of individuals may also be as a result of economic hardships and poverty in the countries of residence; hence, move in search for better living standards in states that have more economic opportunities and also they can access services such as care services in hospitals (Castles, 2000). Immigration also gets attributed to movement of students seeking to pursue education and research in the developed nations. Refugees who move war-torn nations also form a great number of immigrants around the world. Some of the nations that have led to the great immigration of people who are fleeing armed conflicts and civil wars include Somalia, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Libya, and so on. People also move from state to state as a result of family movement or intermarriage between people of different nationalities.

Immigration around the globe has become a common issue in which its debate attracts conflicting arguments concerning its impact on nations. In some instances, immigration around the world is associated with positive implications that include been a boost in economic growth especially when the immigrants comprise of a high skilled workforce and also that it aids in the creation of a more dynamic society. However, immigration also has some severe adverse consequences. Immigration leads to deterioration of the infrastructure in the destination nation and also leads to a burden to the taxpayers as most immigrants do not pay taxes but have access to basic facilities and services such as medical services. This problem is severe in nations neighboring conflicting nations as they usually experience a refugee crisis and also suffer a financially as they require massive resources to host the refugees. The refugee crisis is currently being experienced in countries neighboring countries in conflicts that include Iraq, Syria, and Yemen. The countries were the refugee challenges been encountered Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan and various European nations. The number of refugees estimated to have reached Europe since July 2014 is estimated to be above 1.7 million refugees, while the number putting pressure on Turkey is over 3 million refugees (Rother, et. al. 2016). The impact of illegal immigrants on taxpayers’ money is seen in the United States where undocumented immigrants can access services such as Obamacare, yet they do not pay taxes. Since the passing of the 1986 federal Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA) that required medical institutions to treat all persons requiring emergency services, Medicaid refunds around 2 billion dollars to hospitals annually as they treat at least 100, 000 illegal immigrants. A large number of immigrants also gets associated with reduced job opportunities for citizens of the country of destination as most immigrants easily provide cheap unskilled labor.  Immigration around the globe also threatens indigenous culture in the country of destination. Illegal immigration and immigration into the United States has been viewed as a security threat factor, since, the occurrence of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in Washington DC (Segal, Elliott & Mayadas, 2010). The changes that were made by the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 in the US have led to unsustainable population increase in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The population increase in the US was estimated to be 32.7 million people between 1990 and 2000 and to be around 27.3 million between 2000 and 2010. In Australia, there has been around 40 percent of population growth in the post-World War 11 period as a result of immigration. This immigration has led to a social transformation consequence of the suburbs of Australian cities as most immigrants who went to Melbourne and Sydney settled in the Western and South Western suburbs. The suburbs are however not ethnic ghettos dominated by one ethnic group but are cosmopolitan areas with immigrants from diverse ethnic, national, religious and linguistic backgrounds.

Justification

The immigrant crisis around the globe is a thorny issue that has led to negative implications for the social, economic and political aspect of destination nations. With over 15 million individuals moving annually from one state to another either legally or illegally, it is essential that governments and policy makers develop, formulate as well as enact suitable policies and legislations to handle this challenge. It is important to understand the problems so as to formulate and develop appropriate solutions to the immigration problem, while at the same time considering some of the benefits that may be associated with immigration. Governments and immigration policies and legislations should aim to promote immigration that results in positive outcomes and at the same time deter immigration of people if it may cause a wide variety of challenges. In the US, immigration remains a contentious and significant challenge for the 21st century as the American government attempts to create a balance between national security, economic growth and civil liberties.

Delimitations and Scope

The limitation of the research is that the research will only get limited to a specific region and will not be done in all regions and continents to determine the various immigration consequences in those particular areas. The reasons for immigration to third world countries or developing nations are different when compared to the grounds of immigration from third-world nations to developing nations thus also affects the impact.

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Review of literature

Different scholars and researchers have conducted studies on the impact of immigration around the world. A majority of the early studies on the effect of immigration on the source economy established unambiguous negative impacts. For instance, some studies determined that the economy of origin suffers a great loss of income as well as skilled personnel when natives immigrate to other nations (Lewis, Bodvarsson & Van den Berg, 2010). Other studies on immigration have also concluded that immigration leads to small negative effects unless it involves a significant movement of people from one state to another. In Europe, studies have found a small adverse consequence related to immigration on employment opportunities for Europeans and also has a small effect on the native wage levels. Crowe & Lucas-Vergona (2007) who associated illegal immigration especially in the US-Mexican border with problems such as insecurity, human rights violations, crime as well as draining on social services, proposed six scenarios to solve the problem. They include status quo, deport all illegal immigrants and increase border security, grant citizenship to illegal immigrants and enhance border security, assist in creating economic growth in Mexico, have a guest worker program and institute open border between the two countries.

Various approaches, policies, and measures have been formulated and enacted to assist deal with immigration issues around the globe. One of the policies enacted is immigration detention around the world that requires detention of non-citizens entering a country’s territory without authorization or gets suspected to be intending to cross a state boundary without valid authorization and also requires detention of persons residing in a nation after the expiration of their stay period.  However, the policy is extremely expensive to nations seeking to detain immigrants. For example in the United Kingdom the detention cost is 120 dollars per person per day, and in the US the detention of an alien is about 103 dollars per day. The US have enacted several immigration legislations in which they create parameters in which they determine who may be allowed in a country and under what circumstances. The immigration policy in the US comprises of three distinct elements namely immigration, refugee policy, and illegal immigration. The three components pose different challenges to the nation and have generated a varied level of attention and legislation. The immigration legislations that have been formulated and enacted since the 16th century include The regulation period (1882-1920), The Immigration and Nationality Act (1965), The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) (1986) and the USA Patriot Act enacted in response to the 2001 terror attacks in Washington DC and New York. The Immigration and Nationality Act (1965) abolished the use of national quotas in the determination of immigrant admissions in the US. The IRCA (1986) gave amnesty to undocumented immigrants continuously resident in the US except for the brief, casual and innocent absences from the beginning of 1982. The Patriot Act passed 45 days after the September 11 terror attacks in the US have had a significant impact on immigration in the US, as it expanded the search, monitoring as well as the detention rights of federal law enforcement agencies when dealing with immigrants. In Europe, the Schengen visa ideology is considered to be a solution to immigration as it led to its minimization when Europe gave many other nations within the continent the liberty to travel within the Schengen system.

When dealing with immigrations, various aspects significantly affect the immigration policies as well as the legislations. For instance, social rights are important when dealing with immigrants. Social rights include the rights to a minimum standard of living as well as to share in economic welfare and social security benefits, and also access to education and healthcare services. The case of draining resources in nations where immigrants go also does not apply to all states. For instance, in Europe, the immigrants who moved to the nations and obtained jobs have been paying a significant amount of taxes.

Synopsis of the literature review

Immigration around the globe is associated with numerous adverse social, economic and political implications. They consequences include the threat of national insecurity, draining of social services and infrastructure, reduced employment opportunities for natives, the loss of taxpayers’ money, provision of inexpensive labor and many others. Various governments and policy makers have developed policies and measures to curb the problem of immigration worldwide. The immigration solutions range from increased border patrol by law enforcement agencies to enactment of immigration legislations to regulating the entry of people such as the use of Visa. The immigration policies and solutions, however, have to consider various factors such as the positive impact of immigration as well as social rights of immigrants. Immigration study is critical to determine the critical issues associated with the problem as well as assist in developing solutions that will not only deter illegal immigration but promote positive outcomes.

References

Bardes, B. A., Shelley, M. C., & Schmidt, S. W. (2015). American Government and Politics Today: Essentials 2015-2016 Edition. Nelson Education.

Castles, S. (2000). International Migration at the Beginining of the Twenty‐First Century: Global Trends and Issues. International Social Science Journal, 52(165), 269-281.

Crowe, S., & Lucas-Vergona, J. (2007). What should be done about the illegal immigration from Mexico to the United States?. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 46(7), 1115-1129.

Lewis, E. G., Bodvarsson, Ö. B., & Van den Berg, H. (2010). The Economics of Immigration: Theory and Policy.

Rother, M. B., Pierre, M. G., Lombardo, D., Herrala, R., Toffano, M. P., Roos, M. E., ... & Manasseh, M. K. (2016). The Economic Impact of Conflicts and the Refugee Crisis in the Middle East and North Africa. International Monetary Fund.

Segal, U. A., Elliott, D., & Mayadas, N. S. (2010). Immigration worldwide: policies, practices, and trends. Oxford University Press.

Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at MeldaResearch.Com in nursing essay help USA if you need a similar paper you can place your order from custom college papers.